Corporate tax Free Essays

#1(A). I would advise Mr.. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate tax or any similar topic only for you Order Now Young to organize his new venture as a LLC. In organizing his venture as a LLC, Mr.. Young would be able to gain financing through venture Investors or by equity offerings. This would reduce his personal costs and allow for greater allocation of resources. An LLC would also limit his personal liability compared to a sole proprietorship as only his personal investments Into the organization would be liable/exposed and not any personal assets. One of the most Important positives with a LLC Is no double taxation as Is the case with the corporation organization. Similar to the sole proprietorship, the taxes would be at the personal rate. #1(B). Mr.. Young can protect his Intellectual property by: obtaining patents on his Inventions , trademarks on any logos or designs and through Trade secrets to protect his Ideas and Information that Is not generally known to the public. 8. A. Invisible Eave. Inventories How to cite Corporate tax, Papers

Research in Educational Leadership-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Broadly Organize your paper into the four main stages for Planning Change as Identified by Hodges and Gill. Answer: Introduction The maintenance of the efficient school or educational leadership is the key to attain the sustainable reformation of the educational process. The principals are equipped to handle a rapidly changing and complex environment in order to improve the educational system and lead the students towards acquiring the secure future (DuFour Mattos, 2013). The presence of the instructional leaders determines the sustainable innovation in the educational field. However there are several instances where the leadership within the educational institutions goes wrong. According to Arafeh (2014) bringing chance into educational institutions are not easy. There are explicit power situation due to the position of the individual which may be not adequate for catalyzing the change into the organization. Previous educational researches show that different school administration variables do not have much impact on the learning process, considering separately, however collectively the variables may have a huge impact on reaching the students and creating a warm environment for the students. Few years ago, the concept of school leadership was evidently lacking from most of the middle schools and there was a serious lack in the leadership as most of the school management did not see school leadership and the responsibility of the school principle as a significant matter of interest (Fullan, 2013). However, gradually more researches in this field have contributed to this field which made the school leadership to be a major issue for the school environment and student learning. This study will focus on the change management in leadership of the ABC Middle School which has faced a severe situation due to faulty leadership and turnover of staffs on a regular basis. The study will consider planning the change management as it has been identified by Hodges and Gill (2015). Accountability of Principle in educational institutions While reforming the schools, the school leadership comes first in the priority list for most of the major school reformations. As stated by Guskey (2014) an improved principle leadership among different other issues that are faced by the middle schools. However the quality of the teachers in the educational institution is the most significant factor in the improvement of the educational institutions, but the school leadership is as important as the other issues. The educational researches in this field indicate that the principle of the middle school resemble to the manager of the business organizations (Santamara, 2014). Within the changing arena of the education there are several reformations based on the quality standards and the accountability, therefore a remarkable conception that has emerged which draws lessons from the contemporary business organizations (Hallinger, 2014). Furthermore it suggests that leadership is the primary factor that should be put in the focus with a gre ater clarity in the middle school management. The principles in middle schools have huge accountability for carrying out the rules and regulations avoiding any kind of mistake. The major responsibilities of the principle in a middle school include, shaping the mission and vision of the educational success for the students in school based on the higher standards of the academic field, creating a hospitable and safe atmosphere for the students that entails a cooperative and fruitful spirit, cultivating the sense of leadership within other teachers so that they can realize the vision of the educational institution at the same time, improving the instructions to other teachers so that they can give their best to the students, therefore enhancing the learning process along with a careful management of people, guardians and processing the data so that the improvement of the school can be fostered (Parkay, Anctil Hass, 2014). These key responsibilities may turn difficult for the principle , yet these are required to be carried out for enhancing the educational success of the students. Background of the Problem In Canada, middle schools basically act as the transition period between the secondary schools and primary schools. ABC Middle school realizes that it is necessary to understand for the middle school management that the years students spend in the school are the most crucial stage of their lives. Within this period the student may lose interest in their academics or they can be more and more interested in their academic career. The school has around five hundred students coming from various backgrounds and different ethnicity. The school does not encourage any kind of racial discrimination within the school premises. Recently the school had faced a severe issue with the principle of the school. After the retirement of the previous principle, a new principle has been appointed who initially seemed to be over qualified for the position having more than ten years of experience in the educational field. However the situation in the school had changed soon after the joining of the new pri nciple, Mr. Jones. He has implemented new rules for the teachers such as specific dress codes and added extra classes to their routines that they are not experts at. He has also implemented a new schedule for exams which initially seemed to be overburden for the children. In the school meetings the teachers had opposed to such implementations as they knew that the students might not accept these sudden changes and they may react in a different way. However Mr. Jones acted in an autocratic way and did not listen to any suggestions coming from the teachers and the other management personnel. The teaching staffs also did not take the new rule implementation on a positive note as for any minor failure from the new rules; they had been encountered with monetary disadvantages. Therefore soon few senior teachers had left the school due to such unnecessary strict rules. The students had also felt issues with the new principle as they had faced racial discrimination while encountering the pr inciple. Mr. Jones has also employed few teaching staffs who were not much experienced and were harsh on the students. Soon the entire situation in the school has turned into a miscellany of confusion. Linear Change Model by Hodges and Gill The organisational change depends on the implementation of the sequential plan. Once the performance gap is recognized, it is essential to understand the course of action that will be helpful for an organisation to manage the performance and implement the change. It is to be indicated that the organisational change or changes brought to the leadership style require the structural planning (Burke, 2014). After implementing change, it is necessary to monitor the effectiveness for few months. If the outcome of the changes seems positive, the management of the school should provide the attention towards maintaining the consistency. It is essential to monitor the reaction of the associated staffs towards the change. The implications provided by Hodges and Gill regarding the change management process include four different step. In this section of the study, these four stages will be discussed to ensure the implementation of the change management initiatives in ABC Middle school. The four stages of the change management model are discussed further: Stage 1: Defining the need for change and developing the vision The organizational change management requires the identification of the problem that creates the gap in the performance. As per the scenario discussed in this study, the ABC Middle School has been facing the significant and recognizable issues with the ineffective leadership management. The Autocracy maintained by the principles is increasing the staff turnover rate. Moreover, the extensive outspread of the racial discrimination is the major issues. Many children from the outside countries take admission in this school. However, the racial discrimination faced by the international students is creating huge dissatisfaction. It generally creates the dissatisfaction among the students, their guardians, and the associated teachers. Hence, it is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level (Conner, 1992). The hired staffs are not fully educated to me et the educational parameter. It generally creates the obligation in terms of the improvements determined to the educational field. Hence, it is essential to change the leadership techniques to maintain the stability and long term sustainability. Moreover, the change is also required for minimizing the turnover rate and influencing the staffs to develop the educational skill. However, it is notable that the organisation needs to pay attention towards the recruitment process as well. In order to mitigate the performance gap, the organisation has decided to change the leadership structure. At the initial stage the autocratic leadership style was followed by the principal of ABC Middle School. However, following such leadership style was quite insignificant since it increased the staff turnover rate. The recruitment of the qualified teachers and the staffs would be necessary for the school to improve the educational process. In fact, the vision should be based on the development of anti-discriminative law or regulations to eliminate the discriminative behaviour with the international students or staffs. It is essential because it reduces the chances of dissatisfaction and improves the education quality. Stage 2: Initiating the Change Initiating change signifies the stage where the change initiatives are defined properly. The leaders need to identify the appropriate solutions to improve the organisational situations by implementing the effective changes (Santamara, 2014). For instance, since ABC Middle School has been facing the issues with the leadership autocracy, it can be inferred that the institute can adopt the transformational leadership style. In the transformational leadership style, the staffs receive the opportunity to communicate directly with the leader. In fact, in terms of bringing any changes to the school functionalities, the staffs can actively participate in the decision-making process. Moreover, they can even develop their performance and professional skills since they have the scope to deal directly with the leader (Thomson, 2014). On the other hand, understanding the needs and demands of the schools in terms of qualification of the staffs is necessary to bring the future improvements in the e ducation level. Therefore, the recruitment process requires more changes and developed. In fact, it is essential to mitigate the issues with the discriminatory behaviour within the schools (Hallinger, 2014). The international students face the significant challenges in communicating due to the cultural barriers and the discriminative behaviour. The implementation of the anti-discriminative law would be much preferable in such cases to mitigate the issue. Stage 3: Implementing the Change Before implementation of the change, it needs to be communicated properly with the associated staffs. For example, during the decision-making process within the school, the principal needs to communicate with other teachers and the staffs to make them aware of the requirements. In fact, the human resource management needs to derive the ideas about the organisational expectations while recruiting the qualified teachers. These expectations are even needed to be conveyed to the teachers while selecting them for the school (DuFour Mattos 2013). It is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. Accordingly, imposing the rules and regulations for the non-discriminatory behaviour within the school would be effective enough in establishing the positive environment. Both the st affs and the students would get the sense of reliability if the discriminative attitudes are eliminated. The changes in the policies and the leadership styles would be implemented. After implementing change, it is necessary to monitor the effectiveness for few months. If the outcome of the changes seems positive, the management of the school should provide the attention towards maintaining the consistency (Arafeh, 2014). It is essential to monitor the reaction of the associated staffs towards the change. it is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. The influences created by the change will be reflected in the organisational environment and the behaviour of the staffs. Hence, continuous review and monitoring is essential for a change process. Stage 4: Institutionalizing the Change The institutionalizing of the change is determined when the change undertaken within an organisation becomes the norm. The maintenance of the consistency in the change management is necessary to bring the continuous improvement within the organisation. Similarly, ABC Middle School needs to concentrate on the developmental factors of the change. In order to achieve the vision of the organisation, it is essential to practice these changes by following the implemented policies. The human resource management even needs to pay attention towards the maintenance of these norms for the future improvements (Parkay, Anctil Hass, 2014). It is essential to eliminate such behaviour and maintain the anti-discriminative laws within the organisation. In addition to this, the recruitment process is also below the expectation level. The hired staffs are not fully educated to meet the educational parameter. The teaching staffs also did not take the new rule implementation on a positive note as for any minor failure from the new rules; they had been encountered with monetary disadvantages. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention towards such necessities to retain the staffs and reduce the staff turnover rate. The concept of school leadership was evidently lacking from most of the middle schools and there was a serious lack in the leadership as most of the school management did not see school leadership and the responsibility of the school principle as a significant matter of interest (Fullan, 2013). Currently, the organisations have been considering the educational leadership as an integral part. Therefore, maintaining the change management initiatives is essential for bringing more improvements. The improvements brought to education quality are necessary for retaining the reputation of the organisation. It is essential to understand the course of action that will be helpful for an organisation to manage the performance and implement the change. It is to be indicated that the organisational change or changes brought to the leadership style require the structural planning. The proper staff motivation and enhancements of the educational quality is the key driver for the sustainable development of the school. In addition to this, the successive approaches to the change management scenario ensure the reliability among the students and staffs. The role of the human resource management is also much remarkable. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the entire situation in ABC Middle School required an immediate change of the leadership. The students and staffs were manipulated and they had to adhere to the autocratic rules of the new principle. This report had proposed a detailed change management procedure with the help of Hodges and Gill Change Management model and defined the requirement and developing vision along with the procedures and methods of initiating, implementing and institutionalizing. As a leader of the educational institution, the principles job is to motivate students and to balance his leadership traits aligned with the expertise of his faculty. The change management model shows the shaping of leadership within the educational institution and how it can be influential for the students future. References Arafeh, S. (2014). Educational Technology Leadership for Educational Leaders.Educational Leadership: Perspectives on Preparation and Practice, 253. Burke, W. (2014). A Brief History of Organization Change. In Organization Change: Theory and Practice (4th edition). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc. pp. 28-51 Conner, D. (1992). The Roles of Change. In Managing at the Speed of Change. New York: Villard Books. pp. 107-125 DuFour, R., Mattos, M. (2013). Improve Schools?.Educational Leadership,70(7), 34-39. Fullan, M. (2013).The Jossey-Bass reader on educational leadership. John Wiley Sons. Guskey, T. R. (2014). Planning professional learning.Educational Leadership. Hallinger, P. (2014). Reviewing reviews of research in educational leadership: An empirical assessment.Educational Administration Quarterly,50(4), 539-576. Ingersoll, R., Merrill, L., May, H. (2016). Do Accountability Policies Push Teachers Out?.Educational Leadership,73(8), 44-49. Parkay, F. W., Anctil, E. J., Hass, G. (2014).Curriculum leadership: Readings for developing quality educational programs. Prentice Hall. Santamara, L. J. (2014). Critical Change for the Greater Good Multicultural Perceptions in Educational Leadership Toward Social Justice and Equity.Educational Administration Quarterly,50(3), 347-391. Thomson, B. (2014). Coping with and Introducing Change. In Understanding Yourself and Others. London: Sheldon Press. pp.112-123

Comparison of Google and Cisco organization

Question: Compare and contrast the two (2) industries you have identified in terms of size, products, services, customers, economic and regulatory environment. Describe the mission, vision, values and core business practices of each of the companies you selected. Recommend tree to five (3-5) possible HR strategies that will support each organizations mission, vision, values and core business practices for each company. Support your recommendations. Identify how your recommended HR strategies will promote a competitive advantage for each company within their industry. Provide a rationale for your position. Use at least four (4) academic quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia does not qualify as an academic resource. Answer: Introduction This report is comparative study for the Human resource practices of two organizations Google and Cisco. Both the organizations are famous for their human resource practices. Thus, this report discusses various points to understand the human resource of the two companies effectively. Comparison of Google and Cisco organization The following comparison table is showing a comparative analysis of Google and Cisco organization. Particular Google Cisco Size Google has currently more than 70 offices in more than 40 countries. Google currently has more than 53,600 employees working (Boedker, 2014). Cisco is present in more than 300 locations in more than 90 countries and has more than 72,000 employees working. Products services Google started with only search engine but now the products and services of the Google are beyond search. The products and services of Google can be divided into two categories, for businesses and for web. It provides variety of online and offline tools to help businesses in making various types of tasks easy and effective. Advertising programmes of Google helps businesses to grow in the competitive market. It also provides cloud computing tools for businesses which makes organization more productive and saves money. Google tries to build products that makes web better. Product of Google like Android and Chrome make it simpler and faster online service. Open web services are also provided by the Google. Cisco provides the application, networking services, blade switches, networking software, routers, cloud and system management, service exchange, switches, storage networking, conferencing, video, wireless, customer collaboration, unified communication, data centre switches, interfaces and module, infrastructure software. It provides the services in cloud and system management, enterprise network services, collaboration services, security services, collaboration end point services, switching services, services for application networking, conferencing services, enterprise network services, data centre and virtualization services, wireless communication services, video services, unified computing services and unified communication services (Chang, 2005). Customers Samsung, Aerospike, Affini-Tech, Akselos, Alacris Theronostis, Data Stax etc. Afni, alestra, AllConnected, Allied Irish Banks, Americas cup, Anilana resorts and hotels, Aon, Arup group, ASFINA, AT T etc Economic The overall revenue of Google at the end of 2014 was $107.4 billion (Cogin, 2014). The overall income of Cisco was 8,041,000,000 at the end of 2014. Regulatory Environment Google believes that whatever Google is today, it is due to its employees. Google prefers ability than experience. Employees of the organization share common goal and vision for the organization. Positive diversity is in the regulatory environment of the organization. Google maintains the open culture in the organization. Employees are free to share their opinion and ideas. Cisco is a customer focusing organization. There is an environment of innovation, respect and are for other. Cisco values and respects each employees in the organization. It also welcomes the suggestion, opinions and ideas of the employees (Wright, 2005). Mission, Vision, Values and Core Business Practices Google Mission of the Google organization is to properly organize the information of the world and this information can be used and accessed by the people universally. This mission statement of the Google clearly expresses its working of search engine. The vision of Google is to provide access and search facility for each type of website and information available on the web unless it is restricted. It wants to make the search easy and efficient. Google also aims to provide its valuable businesses and websites for their growth in this competitive environment (Bowen Ostroff, 2004). Google values the diversity in the organization. It also prefers the customer satisfaction and cares for its employees. Google also values to deliver quality services and products in the market. Cisco Mission of Cisco organization is to become most strategic partners of the customers by providing the technology and network. It also provides the best quality services in the business architecture built on software platforms, services and integrated products. Vision of the organization is to stay in the top network services provider companies by satisfying the needs and requirements of the customers (Li, 2005). Cisco organization values the customer satisfaction. It understands the needs and requirements of the customer. It values to provide the best working environment to the consumers so that they can deliver the best quality services to their customers. Recommended HR strategies and their analysis Following HR strategies may help in achieving the mission and vision of the organization. Engagement, Retention, Culture and inclusion Of major position, the matter of leading, engaging and attracting persons in a quickly altering world is highest of attention for HR leaders. On a 5 point gauge, the score is three when workers are inquired to rate their happiness or engagement levels at workplace. Performance management A newer and inexpert staff that is producing an increased requirement for development and coaching needs to be recorded and managed in online and systems of learning and recording. Response desires to be derived from several people. Supervisor led assessments are becoming less shared as squads are flattering extra cross-functional (Krenkovic, 2009). Simplifying work Today workers feel they are linked 24/7 being overwhelmed with very much information, various conferences, emails and phone calls and an irresistible amount of jobs on the go. Study designates that the finest method to do it, is by making systems that decrease commute period by providing people the independence to work in spaces where they are maximum creative. Corporate Learning A main challenge for companies is the shortage of critical talent compulsory for an info technologically advanced and dense world. At this point of period, this is essential that specialists constantly reskill themselves to retain with altering needs. One way companies are discovering achievement doing this is over structural learning organizational systems. Conclusion Both Google and Cisco is rated top in great place to work for the employees. Google has grown in just 15 years of career. It is working in more than 40 countries while Cisco has consistently increasing growth. Both organizations are perfectly working with employees but Google is one step ahead from the Cisco organization. References Li, S. (2005). The impact of information and communication technology on relationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ based governance systems.Information Technology for Development, 11(2), 105-122. Chang, E. (2005). Employees overall perception of HRM effectiveness.Human Relations,58(4), 523-544. SAKAL, M., (2013). THE Y-GENERATION THROUGH THE PRISM OF HRM.à Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ º à Ã… ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ³Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾ уà Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚ Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ Ã‚ °. à Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ Ã‚ µÃƒâ€˜Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒâ€˜Ã‚  à Ã‚ ­Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ½Ãƒ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ Ã‚ ºÃƒ Ã‚ °, (2). KÃ…â„ ¢enkov, P. (2009). Short Communication Evaluation of High-Resolution Melting (HRM) for Mutation Scanning of Selected Exons of the CFTR Gene.Folia Biologica (Praha),55, 238-242. Bowen, D. E., Ostroff, C. (2004). Understanding HRMfirm performance linkages: The role of the strength of the HRM system.Academy of management review,29(2), 203-221. Wright, A. D. (2005).U.S. Patent No. 6,866,039. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Cogin, J. A.. (2014, January). Discretionary HRM: How work-life support practices influence firm non-financial performance outcomes. InAcademy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 10095). Academy of Management. Boedker, C. (2014, January). How HRM adds Value to a Firm: The Mediating Effects of Flexibility and Capital in the Service Sector. In Academy of Management Proceedings(Vol. 2014, No. 1, p. 10094). Academy of Management.

Biography of Barack Obama, 44th U.S. President

Biography of Barack Obama, 44th U.S. President Barack Obama (born August 4, 1961) is an American politician who served as the 44th president of the United States, the first African-American to do so. Prior to that, he was a civil rights lawyer, constitutional law professor, and U.S. senator from Illinois. As president, Obama oversaw the passage of several notable pieces of legislation, including the Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare) and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Fast Facts: Barack Obama Known For: Obama was the 44th president of the United States.Born: August 4, 1961 in Honolulu, HawaiiParents: Barack Obama Sr. and Ann DunhamEducation: Occidental College, Columbia University (B.A.), Harvard University (J.D.)Awards and Honors: Nobel Peace PrizeSpouse: Michelle Robinson Obama (m. 1992)Children: Malia, Sasha Early Life Barack Obama was born on August 4, 1961, in Honolulu, Hawaii, to a white mother and a black father. His mother Ann Dunham was an anthropologist, and his father Barack Obama Sr. was an economist. They met while studying at the University of Hawaii. The couple divorced in 1964 and Obama Sr. returned to his native Kenya to work for the government. He rarely saw his son after this separation. In 1967, Barack Obama moved with his mother to Jakarta, where he lived for four years. At the age of 10, he returned to Hawaii to be raised by his maternal grandparents while his mother completed fieldwork in Indonesia. After finishing high school, Obama went on to study at Occidental College, where he gave his first public speech- a call for the school to divest from South Africa in protest of the countrys system of apartheid. In 1981, Obama transferred to Columbia University, where he graduated with a degree in political science and English literature. In 1988, Obama began studying at Harvard Law School. He became the first black president of the Harvard Law Review and spent his summers working at law firms in Chicago. He graduated magna cum laude in 1991. Marriage Obama married Michelle LaVaughn Robinson- a lawyer from Chicago he met while he was working in the city- on October 3, 1992. Together they have two children, Malia and Sasha. In her 2018 memoir Becoming, Michelle Obama described their marriage as a full-on merger, a reconfiguring of two lives into one, with the well-being of a family taking precedence over any one agenda or goal.† Barack supported Michelle when she chose to leave private law for public service, and she supported him when he decided to enter politics. Career Before Politics Upon graduating from Columbia University, Barack Obama worked at Business International Corporation and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group, a non-partisan political organization. He then moved to Chicago and became director of the Developing Communities Project. After law school, Obama wrote his memoir, Dreams from My Father, which was widely acclaimed by critics and other writers, including Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison. Obama worked as a community organizer and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School for 12 years. He also worked as a lawyer during this same period. In 1996, Obama made his foray into political life as a member of the Illinois State Senate. He supported bipartisan efforts to improve healthcare and increase tax credits for childcare. Obama was reelected to the State Senate in 1998 and again in 2002. U.S. Senate In 2004, Obama launched a campaign for U.S. Senate. He positioned himself as a progressive and an opponent of the Iraq War. Obama won a decisive victory in November with 70% of the vote and was sworn in as a U.S. senator in January 2005. As a senator, Obama served on five committees and chaired the European Affairs subcommittee. He sponsored legislation to expand Pell grants, provide support for victims of Hurricane Katrina, improve the safety of consumer products, and reduce homelessness among veterans. By now, Obama was a national figure and a rising star in the Democratic Party, having delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. In 2006, Obama released his second book, The Audacity of Hope, which became a New York Times bestseller. 2008 Election Obama began his run for U.S. president in February 2007. He was nominated after a very close primary race against key opponent Hillary Clinton, the wife of former president Bill Clinton. Obama chose Delaware Sen. Joe Biden to be his running mate. The two campaigned on a platform of hope and change; Obama made ending the Iraq War and passing healthcare reform his primary issues. His campaign was notable for its digital strategy and fundraising efforts. With support from small donors and activists across the nation, the campaign raised a record $750 million. Obamas main opponent in the presidential race was Republican Sen. John McCain. In the end, Obama won 365 electoral votes and 52.9% of the popular vote. First Term Within the first 100 days of his presidency, Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, a piece of legislation designed to address the worst effects of the Great Recession. The Recovery Act was a stimulus package that injected about $800 billion into the economy through tax incentives for individuals and businesses, infrastructure investment, aid for low-income workers, and scientific research. Leading economists broadly agreed that this stimulus spending helped reduce unemployment and avert further economic challenges. Obamas signature achievement- the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (also known as Obamacare)- was passed on March 23, 2010. The legislation was designed to ensure that all Americans have access to affordable health insurance by subsidizing those who meet certain income requirements. At the time of its passage, the bill was quite controversial. In fact, it was even taken before the Supreme Court, which ruled in 2012 that it was not unconstitutional. By the end of 2010, Obama had also added two new judges to the Supreme Court- Sonia Sotomayor, who was confirmed on August 6, 2009, and Elena Kagan, who was confirmed on August 5, 2010. Both are members of the courts liberal wing. On May 1, 2011, Osama Bin Laden, the mastermind of the September 11, 2001, terror attacks, was killed during a Navy SEAL raid in Pakistan. This was a major victory for Obama, winning him praise across party lines. The death of bin Laden marks the most significant achievement to date in our nation’s effort to defeat al Qaeda, Obama said in a public address to the nation. Today’s achievement is a testament to the greatness of our country and the determination of the American people. 2012 Reelection Obama launched his campaign for reelection in 2011. His main challenger  was Republican Mitt Romney, a former governor of Massachusetts. To make use of growing social networks like Facebook and Twitter, the Obama campaign hired a team of tech workers to build digital campaign tools. The election centered on domestic issues, including healthcare and Social Security, and in many ways was a referendum on the Obama administrations response to the Great Recession. In November 2012, Obama defeated Romney with 332 electoral votes and 51.1% of the popular vote. Obama called the victory a vote for action, not politics as usual, and promised to work on bipartisan proposals to improve the American economy. Second Term During his second term as president, Obama focused on new challenges facing the country. In 2013, he organized a group to begin negotiations with Iran. An agreement was reached in 2015 in which the United States would lift sanctions and steps would be taken to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear weapons. Following the mass shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in December 2012, Obama signed a series of executive orders designed to reduce gun violence. He also voiced support for more comprehensive background checks and a ban on assault weapons. In a press conference at the White House, Obama said, If there is even one thing we can do to reduce this violence, if there is even one life that can be saved, then weve got an obligation to try. In June 2015, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that same-sex marriage was protected by the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was a major milestone in the fight for LGBTQ rights. Obama called the ruling a victory for America. In July 2013, Obama announced that the United States had negotiated plans to restore diplomatic relations with Cuba. The following year, he became the first American president to visit the country since Calvin Coolidge did so in 1928. The shift in U.S.-Cuba relations- dubbed the Cuban thaw- was met with approval by many political leaders around the world. Legacy Obama is the first African-American to not only be nominated by a major political party but also to win the presidency of the United States. He ran as an agent of change. His true impact and the significance of his presidency will not be determined for many years to come. Sources Obama, Barack.  Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. Canongate, 2016.Obama, Michelle. Becoming. Crown Publishing Group, 2018.Remnick, David.  The Bridge: The Life and Rise of Barack Obama. Vintage Books, 2011.

Black Chemists - African American History

Black Chemists - African American History Black scientists, engineers, and inventors have made important contributions to the science of chemistry. Learn about black chemists and chemical engineers and their projects. The focus is on African American chemists in the 19th and 21st centuries. Key Takeaways: Black Chemists African Americans have made significant contributions to the fields of chemistry and chemical engineering through research and inventions.In the 21st century, black scientists, engineers, and inventors continue to innovate. However, in the 19th and 20th century, it was much harder for their work to get recognized. Patricia Bath - (USA) In 1988, Patricia Bath invented the Cataract Laser Probe, a device that painlessly removes cataracts. Prior to this invention, cataracts were surgically removed. Patricia Bath founded the American Institute for the Prevention of Blindness. George Washington Carver - (1864-1943) George Washington Carver was an agricultural chemist who discovered industrial uses for crop plants such as sweet potatoes, peanuts and soybeans. He developed methods for improving soil. Carver recognized that legumes return nitrates to the soil. His work led to crop rotation. Carver was born a slave in Missouri. He struggled to gain an education, eventually graduating from what was to become Iowa State University. He joined the faculty of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama in 1986. Tuskegee is where he performed his famous experiments. Marie Daly - (1921–2003) In 1947, Marie Daly became the first African American woman to earn a Ph.D. in chemistry. The majority of her career was spent as a college professor. In addition to her research, she developed programs to attract and aid minority students in medical and graduate school. Mae Jemison - (Born 1956) Mae Jemison is a retired medical doctor and American astronaut. In 1992, she became the first black woman in space. She holds a degree in chemical engineering from Stanford and a degree in medicine from Cornell. She remains very active in science and technology. Percy Julian - (1899-1975) Percy Julian developed the anti-glaucoma drug physostigmine. Dr. Julian was born in Montgomery, Alabama, but educational opportunities for African Americans were limited in the South at that time, so he received his undergraduate degree from DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana. His research was conducted at DePauw University. Samuel Massie Jr. - (Died May 9, 2005) In 1966, Massie became the first black professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, making him the first black to teach full-time at any US military academy. Massie received a masters degree in chemistry from Fisk University and a doctorate in organic chemistry from Iowa State University. Massie was a professor of chemistry at the Naval Academy, became the chairman of the department of chemistry and co-founded the Black Studies program. Garrett Morgan - Garrett Morgan is responsible for several inventions. Garret Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky in 1877. His first invention was a hair straightening solution. October 13, 1914 he patented a Breathing Device which was the first gas mask. The patent described a hood attached to a long tube that had an opening for air and a second tube with a valve that allowed air to be exhaled. On November 20, 1923, Morgan patented the first traffic signal in the U.S. He later patented the traffic signal in England and Canada. Morgan invented the zig-zag stitching attachment for manual sewing machines. Norbert Rillieux - (1806-1894) Norbert Rillieux invented a revolutionary new process for refining sugar. Rillieux’s most famous invention was a multiple effect evaporator, which harnessed steam energy from boiling sugarcane juice, greatly reducing refining costs. One of Rillieuxs patents was initially declined because it was believed he was a slave and therefore not a US citizen. However, Rillieux was free. Charles Richard Drew - (1904-1950) Drew is called the Father of the Blood Bank. As a surgeon, he pioneered research into the use and preservation of blood and plasma in World War II. His techniques for blood storage were adapted by the American Red Cross. St. Elmo Brady - (1884-1966) Brady was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in chemistry in the United States. He earned his degree in 1912 from the University of Illinois. After receiving his degree, Brady became a professor. He taught chemistry at historically black universities. Henry Aaron Hill - (1915-1979) Hill became the first African American president of the American Chemical Society in 1977. In addition to numerous accomplishments as a researcher, Hill founded Riverside Research Laboratories, which specialized in polymers.

Positive Accounting Theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Positive Accounting Theory - Research Paper Example The predictions of real world situations help small businesses in choosing the appropriate accounting policies that would help them in advancing. The predictions of positive accounting theory with regards to the real world situation go a long way in assisting firms to react positively to new standards of accounting introduced by the legal bodies. Moreover, the overall objective of the positive accounting theory is to enable firms to predict and understand their accounting policies choices. The theory also puts into consideration, the economic consequences of the policies on the firms and the economy in general. Positive Accounting Theory Small businesses organize their operations in an efficient manner using the positive accounting theory, which helps firms in maximizing economic opportunities for growth and survival in the business world. Due to the need for business operations efficiency, firms will need to minimize contract related costs. Ordinarily, contract related costs include negotiation costs, monitoring and renegotiation costs with regards to accounting variables in terms of financial ratios and net income accounting information. Minimization of contract related costs fully relies on the mandate of a firm in choosing the most appropriate accounting policies with regards to its operations. ... environment, appropriate accounting policies and contract related costs minimization may be comprised by the opportunistic interests of the company’s management. Political cost hypothesis The political environment is proved to interfere in business operations in many cases, thus affecting managerial decisions with regards to accounting policies. The more a company faces political costs, the greater the chances that managers of a particular firm will choose accounting policies that alter current reported earnings to future expected earnings. This is mainly because current reported earnings that depict high levels of profits will certainly lead to political interferences that may influence incorporation of new government regulations and tax charges. These interferences are relevant to both small and large businesses though growth and stability of small businesses may be greatly hampered as compared to large entities that are stable. Small Businesses Positive accounting theory ap plications help managers in spearheading growth and development of small businesses, which play an important role of creating employment and growth of Gross Domestic Product. Governments such as the United Kingdom federal government have enacted policies and programs that assist small businesses to develop. Strategies have been outlined by governments of developing countries and trade organizations to facilitate growth of small businesses. Banks have also played a big role in growth and development of enterprises through loans and involvement in policy formulation and innovations. Moreover, best accounting policies that have been practically efficient in spearheading corporate development have been implemented. The existing variations in different economies directly impact on the differences

People who care about the Earth Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

People who care about the Earth - Term Paper Example Compared to other biogas plant system, for example, the one that uses dung and sewerage, the system that uses food waste is pro- active since a small amount of food waste produces a lot of energy and only in a shorter period of time compared to the other conventional biogas system that uses dung and sewerage which requires up to over one month to complete the reaction and produce electrical energy (Pimm and Thomas 14). To be precise, two kilograms of food waste takes around 24 hours to complete the reaction after which approximately 500g of energy are produced in the form of methane. This invention of ARTI Biogas plant clearly indicates that it is the most efficient biogas system as it produces results with over approximately 800 times as efficient compared to other biogas systems (Bill 50). A brief history of people who invented the solar system includes Alexandre Edmond, who was instrumental in explaining how electricity can be harvested from sunlight (Frankham, David and Jonathan 46). Russell Ohl came later and invented the solar cell. The panel composed of particular metals which would emit electrons after being hit by direct sunlight. The electrons then flow through a conductor that then creates electricity. The use of solar power through the use of sunlight is increasingly efficient since it generates a lot of electricity without posing a threat to the universe through waste emissions and pollution. Solar panels are also considered efficient since they have a long lifespan meaning that it is quite reliable (Bill 56). Another individual who has contributed to conserving the planet is Tom Krimigis. Tom spent over 45 years of inventing and exploring the solar system. Tom even went ahead and won an achievement trophy, the National Air and Space Museum’s Trophy, which is currently the highest museum’s honor. Tom was highly instrumental in coming up with